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ISSN: 2277-9426 Journal of Bengali Studies Vol. 1, No. 2 9 August 2012 Janmashtami, 24 Srabon, 1419 Monsoon Issue Bengali Cinema: Bengalis and Cinema Editor: Tamal Dasgupta Asst. The film-related bulletins, publicity booklets, news paper advertisements, studio publications, posters and lobby cards of Bengali films provide me an entry point to this cultural biography of Bengali film publicity starting from the silent era towards the changes in later decades. My narrative starts with the literary trait of early years followed by its logic of transformation with the emergence of new technology and newer production system and here I’ve tried to explore how the idea of bhadralok self and the pleasure of bhadralok world in its appeal and denial played a significant role in this fascinating journey. In relation to that I’ve attempted to trace the moral economy behind it that determines the cultural logic of that transformation. ********* The narrative of film publicity and film promotion run a fascinating journey in the history of cinema across the world. The world history of film publicity not only tells a tale of evolution of a new medium called Cinema but also reflects on this medium’s numerous aspects beyond its narrative economy and its visual regime. In the early film advertisements first the movies were a novelty that promoted themselves and the actual content of the films mattered little. Early cinema researchers have shown that the film industry did not advertise its movies directly to the general public until around 1913. When films first emerged as a scientific innovation in the late nineteenth century, pioneering companies like Edison, Biograph, Lumière and Pathé were more interested in selling machines that produced films. The earliest posters advertised the act of moviegoing itself. For | 88 Journal of Bengali Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2 instance in France, th

Human population studies and the World Health Organization

Soraya de Chadarevian (*)

(*) orcid.org/0000-0002-4360-7203. Department of History and Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles. chadarevian@history.ucla.edu

I gratefully acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust for a Small Research Grant, ref 099392/Z/12/Z in 2012-13.

ABSTRACT

This essay draws attention to the role of the WHO in shaping research agendas in the biomedical sciences in the postwar era. It considers in particular the genetic studies of human populations that were pursued under the aegis of the WHO from the late 1950s to 1970s. The study provides insights into how human and medical genetics entered the agenda of the WHO. At the same time, the population studies become a focus for tracking changing notions of international relations, cooperation, and development and their impact on research in biology and medicine in the post-World War II era. After a brief discussion of the early history of the WHO and its position in Cold War politics, the essay considers the WHO program in radiation protection and heredity and how the genetic study of "vanishing" human populations and a world-wide genetic study of newborns fitted this broader agenda. It then considers in more detail the kind of support offered by the WHO for these projects. The essay highlights the role of single individuals in taking advantage of WHO support for pushing their research agendas while establishing a trend towards cooperative international projects in biology.

Key words: World Health Organization, human population studies, human heredity, "primitive people", Alan Stevenson, James V. Neel.

1. Introduction

In their introduction to a recent special issue on transnational science in the British Journal for the History of Science, Simone Turchetti, Néstor Herran and Soraya Boudia have encouraged historians of scienc

Abstract

Natural compounds have diverse structures and are present in different forms of life. Metabolites such as tannins, anthocyanins, and alkaloids, among others, serve as a defense mechanism in live organisms and are undoubtedly compounds of interest for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Plants, bacteria, and insects represent sources of biomolecules with diverse activities, which are in many cases poorly studied. To use these molecules for different applications, it is essential to know their structure, concentrations, and biological activity potential. In vitro techniques that evaluate the biological activity of the molecules of interest have been developed since the 1950s. Currently, different methodologies have emerged to overcome some of the limitations of these traditional techniques, mainly via reductions in time and costs. These emerging technologies continue to appear due to the urgent need to expand the analysis capacity of a growing number of reported biomolecules. This review presents an updated summary of the conventional and relevant methods to evaluate the natural compounds’ biological activity in vitro.

Keywords: natural product, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial, antioxidant

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of the global population uses medicinal-plant-based medicine to alleviate or cure diseases [1]. In addition, although estimates vary depending on what is considered a natural-product-derived drug, it is safe to say that up to 50% of currently marketed drugs owe their origins to natural products [2]. New molecules from natural resources with potential bioactivity are reported every day; however, only a few of these molecules are evaluated for their suitability for use as drugs [3]. Identifying bioactive compounds (hits or leads) is the initial step for drug discovery. Therefore, it is necessary to select suitable bioassays to evaluate both the activity against the disease and the