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Stable high frequencies of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine resistance associated mutations and absence of K13 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum 3 and 4 years after the introduction of artesunate plus sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

Open Access 01.12.2020 | Research

verfasst von: Ashish Pathak, Andreas Mårtensson, Sudhir Gawariker, Ashish Sharma, Vishal Diwan, Manju Purohit, Johan Ursing

Erschienen in: Malaria Journal | Ausgabe 1/2020

Abstract

Background

Artesunate plus sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (ASP) is first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in most of India, except for six North-eastern provinces where treatment failure rates were high. In Ujjain, central India, the frequency of mutations associated with increased drug tolerance, but not overt resistance to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine were 9% and > 80%, respectively, in 2009 and 2010, just prior to the introduction of ASP. The frequency of drug resistance associated mutations in Ujjain in 2015–2016 after 3–4 years of ASP use, are reported.

Methods

Blood samples from patients with P. falciparum mono-infection verified by microscopy were collected on filter-paper at all nine major pathology laboratories in Ujjain city. Codons pfdhfr 16–185, pfdhps 436–632 and K13 407–689 were identified by sequencing. Pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results

Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine resistance-associated pfdhfr 108 N and 59R alleles were found in 100/104 (96%) and 87/91 (96%) samples, respectively. Pfdhps 437G was found in 10/105 (10%) samples. Double mutant pfdhfr 59R + 108 N were found in 75/81 (93%) samples. Triple mutant pfdhfr 59R + 108 N and pfdhps 437G were found in 6/78 (8%) samples. Chloroquine-resistance-associated pfcrt 76T was found in 102/102 (100%). Pfmdr1 N86 and 86Y were identified in 83/115 (72%) and 32/115 (28%) samples, respectively.

Conclusion

The f

  • Of India, Delhi. Career Profile.
  • BIO-DATA OF PROF. MANU LATA SHARMA

    • Birth of Pandit Sundarlal Sharma - [December 21, 1881] This Day in History

    21 December 1881

    “Gandhi of Chhattisgarh” Pandit Sundarlal Sharma was born

    What happened?

    On 21 December 1881, Pandit Sundarlal Sharma was born in Chamshur village in Raipur District, present-day Chhattisgarh.

    Pandit Sundarlal Sharma Biography

    • Pandit Sundarlal Sharma was a key figure in the independence movement from Chhattisgarh.
    • He was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and believed in Satyagraha and non-violence, for which he earned the nickname ‘Gandhi of Chhattisgarh’.
    • It was largely because of his efforts that Gandhi visited Raipur in December 1920, in connection with the Nahar satyagraha.
    • In 1918, Pandit Sharma founded a political council at Dhamtari. He was largely responsible for ushering in political and social consciousness to Chhattisgarh.
    • In 1920, he started the canal satyagraha, also known as the Nahar satyagraha at a village called Kandel in Dhamtari Tehsil. Other leaders with him were Narayan Rao Medhawale and Babu Chotelal Srivastava.
    • Kandel Nahar Satyagraha

    This was a movement that the farmers launched against the British government’s irrigation tax. They defied an order of the government to pay over Rs.4000 in this lieu. In retaliation, the government suppressed the villagers by taking many into custody and torturing them. Their cattle were also confiscated.

    • Despite the suppressing measures, the farmers continued their satyagraha. When Gandhi was being called for by the local leaders, the British government launched a probe into the matter, so that the issue does not flare up to the national level.
    • Then, even before Gandhi could arrive, the authorities waived off the tax and returned the cattle to the farmers. Nevertheless, Gandhi did arrive in that area.
    • Sharma was arrested in 1920-21 in connection with his political activities.
    • He was also a social activist and advocated against caste-based discrimination and untouchability.
    • He started an
  • Education: Mahakal Institute of Technology

    • Neha Sharma Delhi 22.02 Yrs

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    Dr. Neha Sharma is an Associate Professor in the Electronics and Communications Department at Ujjain Engineering College in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. She has over 20 years of experience working in engineering colleges. She holds a B.E. in Electronics and Telecommunications, M.E. in Communication Systems, and Ph.D. in Optical Networking. Her responsibilities include teaching courses in optical fiber communications, networks, and electronics. She has attended several short-term training programs in areas such as communication technologies, computer hardware, and effective teaching approaches.

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    Dr. Neha Sharma is an Associate Professor in the Electronics and Communications Department at Ujjain Engineering College in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. She has over 20 years of experience working in engineering colleges. She holds a B.E. in Electronics and Telecommunications, M.E. in Communication Systems, and Ph.D. in Optical Networking. Her responsibilities include teaching courses in optical fiber communications, networks, and electronics. She has attended several short-term training programs in areas such as communication technologies, computer hardware, and effective teaching approaches.

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    Dr. Neha Sharma is an Associate Professor in the Electronics and Communications Department at Ujjain Engineering College in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. She has over 20 years of experience working in engineering colleges. She holds a B.E. in Electronics and Telecommunicatio
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