Biography dr philip zimbardo

American social psychologist (1933–2024)

Philip George Zimbardo (; March 23, 1933 – October 14, 2024) was an American psychologist and a professor at Stanford University. He was an internationally known educator, researcher, author and media personality in psychology who authored more than 500 articles, chapters, textbooks, and trade books covering a wide range of topics, including time perspective, cognitive dissonance, the psychology of evil, persuasion, cults, deindividuation, shyness, and heroism. He became known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment, which was later criticized. He authored various widely-used, introductory psychology textbooks for college students, and other notable works, including Shyness,The Lucifer Effect, and The Time Paradox. He was the founder and president of the Heroic Imagination Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting heroism in everyday life by training people how to resist bullying, bystanding, and negative conformity. He pioneered The Stanford Shyness Clinic in the 1970s and offered the earliest comprehensive treatment program for shyness. He was the recipient of numerous

Philip Zimbardo was born on March 23, 1933 in New York City. He attended Brooklyn College where he earned a B.A. in 1954, triple majoring in psychology, sociology and anthropology. He then went on to earn his M.A. in 1955 and his Ph.D. in 1959 from Yale University, both in psychology.

He taught briefly at Yale before becoming a psychology professor at New York University, where he taught until 1967. After a year of teaching at Columbia University, he became a faculty member at Stanford University in 1968.

Philip Zimbardo is perhaps best known for the Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted in the basement of the Stanford University psychology department in 1971. The participants in the study were 24 male college students who were randomly assigned to act either as "guards" or "prisoners" in the mock prison.

The study was initially slated to last two weeks, but had to be terminated after just six days because of the extreme reactions and behaviors of the participants. The guards began displaying cruel and sadistic behavior toward the prisoners, while the prisoners became depressed and hopeless.

Since the prison experiment, Zimbardo has continued to conduct research on a variety of topics including shyness, cult behavior and heroism. In 2002, Zimbardo was elected president of the American Psychological Association. After more than 50 years of teaching, Zimbardo retired from Stanford in 2003 but gave his last "Exploring Human Nature" lecture on March 7, 2007.

Today, he continues to work as the director of an organization he founded called the Heroic Imagination Project. The organization promotes research, education and media initiatives designed to inspire ordinary people to act as heroes and agents of social change.

Philip Zimbardo was born in 1933 and grew up in the South Bronx ghetto of New York City in a poor, uneducated Sicilian-American family. From this experience he learned that people, not material possessions, are our most valuable resource, that diversity should be embraced because it enriches us, and that education is the key to escaping poverty. His education began in New York Public School 52 and later included Monroe High School (with classmate Stanley Milgram), Brooklyn College (published his first research article on race relations), and Yale University for his Ph.D. (in 1959). Dr. Zimbardo has been on the faculty at Yale, New York University, Columbia University, and Stanford University, where he has been a professor since 1968. Among his honorary degrees are those from Greece’s Aristotle University, Peru’s San Martin University, and the Pacific Graduate School of Psychology (in clinical psychology). For more than 40 years, Dr. Zimbardo has devoted his career to teaching, scientific research, the practice of psychology, and applying psychological knowledge to improve the human condition. Dr. Zimbardo has authored more than 250 articles, chapters, and books on topics that range from exploratory behavior in rats to persuasion, dissonance, hypnosis, cults, shyness, time perspective, deindividuation, prisons, and madness. His Stanford Prison Experiment is considered a classic demonstration of the power of situations to shape human behavior. At the APA convention in the August, 2000, he received the APA Division 1 Hilgard Award for his lifetime contributions to theory and research in general psychology.

Philip Zimbardo achieved fame early in his career as a psychologist when he conducted the notorious Stanford Prison Study, a situation in which ordinary students were allowed to act as “mock prison guards” over another group of student volunteers who volunteered to be “mock prisoners.” The results of the two-week study were so unexpected and shocking it had to be abandoned within six days.

Early Years

Philip Zimbardo is the son of immigrant parents who came to New York City from Sicily. Zimbardo was born in New York in 1933. His father, George Zimbardo, was an electrician and his mother, Margaret Bisicchia, was a homemaker.

Young Philip graduated from James Monroe High School and then enrolled in Brooklyn College. He earned a BA degree there with a triple major in psychology, anthropology, and sociology. He earned his doctorate degree in psychology from Yale University in 1959. After a short stint teaching at Yale, he accepted a position teaching psychology at New York University. He joined the faculty at Stanford University in California in 1968.

The Prison Experiment

In 1971, Zimbardo received a grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research. He used the money to conduct his famous Stanford Prison Study. In the study, 24 ordinary students were selected and tested to certify that they were “sane and well adjusted.” A portion of the students were assigned to play the role of prisoner and another group was to act as their guards for two weeks.

A mock prison was set up in the basement of a Stanford University building. The “guards” were armed with uniforms, whistles, and nightsticks. The situation rapidly devolved into one of violence and shocking behavior. The students playing the role of a guard quickly began to abuse their authority, dealing out harsh punishments while attempting to control every aspect of the lives of their “p