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Socially privileged class in Norway

The aristocracy of Norway is the modern and medievalaristocracy in Norway. Additionally, there have been economical, political, and military elites that—relating to the main lines of Norway's history—are generally accepted as nominal predecessors of the aforementioned. Since the 16th century, modern aristocracy is known as nobility (Norwegian: adel).

The very first aristocracy in today's Norway appeared during the Bronze Age (1800 BC–500 BC). This bronze aristocracy consisted of several regional elites, whose earliest known existence dates to 1500 BC. Via similar structures in the Iron Age (400 BC–793 AD), these entities would reappear as petty kingdoms before and during the Age of Vikings (793–1066). Beside a chieftain or petty king, each kingdom had its own aristocracy.

Between 872 and 1050, during the so-called unification process, the first national aristocracy began to develop. Regional monarchs and aristocrats who recognised King Harald I as their high king, would normally receive vassalagetitles like Earl. Those who refused were defeated or chose to migrate to Iceland, establishing an aristocratic, clan-ruled state there. The subsequent lendman aristocracy in Norway—powerful feudal lords and their families—ruled their respective regions with great autonomy. Their status was by no means equal to that of modern nobles; they were nearly half royal. For example, Ingebjørg Finnsdottir of the Arnmødling dynasty was married to King Malcolm III of Scotland. During the civil war era (1130–1240) the old lendmen were severely weakened, and many disappeared. This aristocracy was ultimately defeated by King Sverre I and the Birchlegs, subsequently being replaced by supporters of Sverre.

Primarily between the 9th and 13th centuries, the aristocracy was not limited to mainland Norway, but appeared in and ruled parts of the British Isles as well as Iceland and the Faroe Islands. Kingdoms, city states,

This article focuses on the library of the Danish nobleman and book collector Count Otto Thott (1703–1785). Thott collected books, paintings, drawings, weapons, medals and coins, decorative objects and natural history specimens. He was by far the single greatest private book collector in the history of Denmark and of inestimable importance for the Royal Danish Library, since he bequeathed his collection of manuscripts (4,154 catalogue entries) and books printed before 1531 (6,059 catalogue entries) to the Royal Library. The entire collection numbered some 200,000 items, many of which also ended up in the Royal Library when the collection was sold at auction.

In library history, Otto Thott’s library has been compared to the libraries of Louis César de La Baume Le Blanc, duc de La Vallière (1708–1780) and Karl Joseph von Firmian (1716–1782). Andreas Wilhelm Cramer (1760–1833), a professor at the University in Kiel, who later oversaw its library—called Thott’s library the richest private library in Europe. So did Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda, who visited Thott’s library in 1788 (a few years after Thott died). He wrote in his diary that this library was “perhaps the best private collection in Europe”.

Otto Thott’s library may have been unique, but it was also characteristic of the period. Just like in the rest of Europe, the eighteenth century was a flowering period for private libraries in Denmark. The librarian and literary historian Rasmus Nyerup (1759–1829) described how the four Counts Johan Ludvig Holstein (1694–1763), Otto Thott (1703–1785), Adam Gottlieb Moltke (1710–1792), and Johan Hartvig Ernst Bernstorff (1712–1772) were like a four-leaf clover, who had contributed to the fact that “those days must be considered some of the most favourable and gentlest that the muses have ever enjoyed in

Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1752 to 1766

Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (Danish: Juliane Marie; 4 September 1729 – 10 October 1796) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1752 to 1766 as the second consort of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. She was mother to the prince-regent, Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway, and was herself de facto regent from 1772 to 1784. King Christian VIII of Denmark and every subsequent Danish monarch excluding Christian IX descends from her.

Life

Early life

Duchess Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was born on 4 September 1729 in the town of Wolfenbüttel, the residence of the Brunswick Princes of Wolfenbüttel. She was the 11th child and 6th daughter of the Austrianfield marshalDuke Ferdinand Albert of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Antoinette Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. At the time of her birth, her family constituted the princely cadet line of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, but after the death of his cousin and father-in-law Louis Rudolph in March 1735, Ferdinand Albert inherited the Principality of Wolfenbüttel and resigned as field marshal. However, he died unexpectedly just six months later.

Among her many siblings were Duke Charles I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duke Anthony Ulrich, spouse of the RussianregentAnna Leopoldovna, and Duchess Elisabeth Christine, wife of Frederick the Great of Prussia. Like her siblings, Juliana Maria was given the simple but very strict upbringing usual at many of the smaller princely German courts. As a child, she appears to have stuttered, as did several other members of the house of Brunswick.

Marriage

In 1752, a dynastic marriage was negotiated between Juliana Maria and King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway who had lost his first wife Louise of Great Britain the previous year. The marriage was arranged by the king's favourite, the powerful lord chamberlainCount Adam Gottlob von Moltke,